Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a long-lasting inflammatory disease of the paranasal sinuses and nasal mucosa, persisting for more than 12 weeks despite optimal medical therapy. It is a major cause of morbidity worldwide, affecting approximately 10–15% of the adult population and significantly impairing quality of life, sleep, and productivity. The condition presents with nasal obstruction, facial pain or pressure, mucopurulent discharge, and reduced sense of smell. Modern understanding of CRS recognizes it as a multifactorial disorder involving complex interactions between host immunity, microbial biofilms, environmental factors, and genetic predisposition. Recent advances in diagnostic imaging, endoscopic evaluation, and biomarker analysis have transformed clinical approaches to CRS, while new management strategies, including biologic therapies and minimally invasive surgical interventions, offer improved outcomes. A comprehensive, individualized, and multidisciplinary approach remains the cornerstone of effective treatment.
References
1. Brook, I. (2016). The role of bacterial interference in the pathogenesis of tonsillitis. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 35(9), 1025–1030.
2. Choby, B.A. (2009). Diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. American Family Physician, 79(5), 383–390.
3. Centor, R.M., et al. (1981). The diagnosis of strep throat in adults in the emergency room. Medical Decision Making, 1(3), 239–246.
4. Wessels, M.R. (2011). Streptococcal pharyngitis and scarlet fever. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(7), 648–655.
5. Snow, V., et al. (2001). Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134(6), 506–508.
6. Gerber, M.A., et al. (2009). Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis. Circulation, 119(11), 1541–1551.
7. Bisno, A.L. (2001). Acute pharyngitis: Etiology and diagnosis. Pediatrics, 108(5), 1157–1162.
8. Linder, J.A., et al. (2017). Antibiotic treatment of acute tonsillitis: Evidence-based recommendations. BMJ, 358, j4090.
9. Shulman, S.T., et al. (2012). Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 55(10), 1279–1282.
10. Zoorob, R., Sidani, M.A., Fremont, R.D., & Kihlberg, C. (2012). Antibiotic use in acute upper respiratory tract infections. American Family Physician, 86(9), 817–822.